Beaver Bonspiel Question Packets


Short, Sufficient Guidelines
Changes from last year's guidelines

Acknowledgements

This document was written by the MIT Beaver Bonspiel Organizing Committee and borrows heavily from:
If you have any questions that aren't answered here, send e-mail to Beaver Bonspiel Tournament Director Hareendra Yalamanchili, hyalaman@mit.edu.

The World Wide Web links were added by Peter McCorquodale, petermc@mit.edu. E-mail him if they don't work or if you want to suggest other good links to add to this page.


Contents:


Philosophy

The goal of our tournament is to have fun. Given the nature of our game, the fun that we have depends largely on the questions. Ideally, questions will leave both the winning and losing teams with a sense of satisfaction that they are richer for having played the game. Questions that rely on retread material or the rote association of two entities (title and author, for instance) do not provide the same stimulation as does a well thought-out question that brings to light one or two interesting facts. This is not license to write questions that contain only minutiae (as that extreme is very frustrating); instead, our aim is to guide players in creating original and interesting questions.

We understand that good questions take much longer to craft than unoriginal ones and that first and second-year players often do not have the experience to realize what separates a good question from a mediocre ones, so it would be unreasonable to demand perfection from every pack. We simply ask that you try to create a pack of questions that you would enjoy playing. (This should not be confused with creating a pack of questions concerning only subjects that interest you.)

To help you with construction of the pack, we have included a list of rules and guidelines. We have already invested much time and effort in creating rules that we think will be reasonable and instructive. If questions fail to meet the rules, they may be returned for revision, with an explanation.


Specifications

1. Types of Questions

As usual in NAQT, we will have two types of questions: Tossups and Bonuses. On Tossups, team members may not confer in any way. A Tossup is read to both teams until one player hits a buzzer and answers the question correctly. A Bonus question is read to a team if a player on that team has just answered a Tossup correctly. Teams may (and are encouraged to) confer on answering bonus questions, which all have either several parts or several answers.

2. Number of Questions

We are asking each participating team to submit at least: During the tournament, only 20 tossups will be read in each round, unless a tie must be broken.

3. Difficulty

Judging the difficulty of questions is obviously subjective, but you should try to keep the questions in your packet approximately uniform in difficulty. This is especially important for Bonus questions, because a team can get upset if it gets a bonus that asks for much more obscure information than the previous bonus that was answered by the opposing team.

4. Subject Distribution

A later section lists the distribution of subjects that your questions should cover.

5. Check your packets.

You should check the facts in your questions if they are based on memory or on unreliable sources. We have included a whole bunch of useful WWW reference sources to help you out. Unreliable sources include other quiz tournaments (even previous Beaver Bonspiels have had factual errors) and personal acquaintances. Now, there's nothing wrong with basing a question on something you heard at a cocktail party, but if you can't verify the information with a reliable source, you should leave it out.

Also, out of courtesy, please check your packet for spelling. Spelling errors make it harder for us to verify your information and can distract the moderators if we don't correct them. The word "emporer" looks like it rhymes with "explorer", and perhaps it refers to a person who runs an emporium. A reader who has never seen it in print before may not know that it is a misspelling of "emperor". Out of 21 packets submitted to Beaver Bonspiel II, only one was free of spelling errors. Since it was also the best-written packet overall, it earned its team a $10 discount. Other packets contained an average of 10 spelling errors each. We've provided a list of these 200 spelling errors for your edification or amusement.

6. Sending your packets

Packets should be sent via electronic mail to hyalaman@mit.edu, on or before Saturday, October 11, 1997 to avoid penalties. Please write in plain ASCII text with at most 79 characters per line. (If you are using a word processor, try a fixed-width font, and set the margin to 79 characters.) If any of this is a problem, contact us. A later section gives more details.

The Elements of Style

1. Packets should be easy to read aloud.

If you have time, try reading your questions aloud to your teammates. Avoid confusing wording, unintended tongue-twisters, and run-on sentences. Use *at least* as much punctuation as you would in normal text, in order to provide natural pauses for the reader. Some wire-service texts intended for radio announcers capitalize the word "NOT" when it occurs; this is usually a good idea, because you do NOT want the reader to miss this word.

2. Omit needless words.

Consider the following question about Nobel prize winners from 1995:
TOSSUP
The Noble Prize in Medicine, I can never remember who won, at least most
of them.  FTP, name any one of the three recently announced winners of this
year's prize.
After correcting the spelling and the name of the prize, the question could be rewritten:
TOSSUP
For a quick 10 points, name any one of the three winners of the 1995 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Of course, either way, this is a one-fact tossup, which is discouraged.

3. Use correct grammar.

Writers must use correct grammar. Although many strict grammatical rules may interfere with the flow of questions ("the kind of English up with which I will not put"), you must use grammar that is at least colloquially correct ("the kind of English I will not put up with"). Use simple past tense ("they did") when appropriate, and past perfect tense ("they had done") to refer to events completed at or before a time spoken of.

4. Pronunciation guides.

For foreign or unfamiliar words or names, include a pronunciation guide in square brackets immediately following the word. Use CAPITALS to indicate stressed syllables. Examples:
Ex-prime minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki ["tah-DAY-oosh  mah-zohv-YET-skee"]...

The acid/base indicator phenolphthalein ["fee-nole-THALE-in"] is used in ...

The economist John Maynard Keynes ["KAYNZ"] wrote his _General Theory ...

Saskatchewan's ["sass-KATCH-oo-wahnz"] capital, Regina ["ree-JEYE-nah"], ...

The activist Megawati Sukarnoputri ["MEG-ah-wah-tee  soo-kar-no-POO-tree"] ...

The Buddhist stupa of Borobudur ["boh-roh-boo-DURE"] in central Java ...
In the last couple of examples, the main problem in trying to read the word, without the pronunciation guide, is knowing which syllable to stress.

If you have no clue about how something is pronounced, please indicate this in a footnote to the question, and we'll try to figure out something to put into a pronunciation guide if we use the question.

5. Footnotes

Include footnotes, where appropriate, immediately after the answers to which they refer. Footnotes are especially useful if you think that our editors, or readers, or players, may suspect that the information in your question is wrong. If the question begs some information that is *concise* and relevant, but not included in the text of the question or the answer, you may choose to indicate a footnote to be read aloud by the moderator. Example:
TOSSUP
In the two-letter postal abbreviations for Canadian provinces, this letter is
tied with N in occurring most frequently.  However, among the 58 two-letter
postal abbreviations for U.S. states and territories, it is NOT used at all.
FTP what is this letter that occurs in the abbreviations for one Maritime
province and three western provinces?

Answer:  _B_

Host:  "The only other letter NOT used in U.S. postal abbreviations is Q."

[The provincial abbreviations are:  New Brunswick, NB; British Columbia, BC;
Alberta, AB; Manitoba, MB.]
[The World Almanac says that Alberta's code is AL, but it is wrong.]
The second-to-last footnote is written for the benefit of any players who, at the end of the game, might be curious to know just what these "B" provinces are. As a general rule, if a question refers directly to some other information that is not explicitly given in the question or answer, you should include it in a footnote. If a question asks players to come up with certain numbers and take their sum, you must provide a footnote listing the individual numbers to be added up.

The last footnote in the sample tossup above is especially important because many players carry the World Almanac with them and may pull it out to support a protest that the question contains wrong information. If you find that a common reference source (such as one of the web links on this page) contradicts the facts in your question, please tell us. Otherwise, we will assume you are simply wrong.


Answers

1. General format

The answer appears immediately below the question, following the word "Answer:". The minimum information required for a correct answer should be in all CAPITAL LETTERS and also surrounded by _underscores_ to remove any ambiguity. Include any and all alternative answers that mean the same thing. Examples:
Answer:  _SPAM_

Answer:  George A. _HORMEL_ and Company

Answer:  _ACETONE_ or _2-PROPANONE_ or _DIMETHYL KETONE_ or _(CH)3(COCH)3_

2. Names of people

If the answer to a question is a personal name, then:
  • The *family* name is usually the minimum required, unless it's ambiguous.
    Ambiguity means that there is another person with the same family name who is also prominent in the same general field. In such cases, only the *minimum* information to distinguish the correct answer should be required. Examples:
    Answer:  Ronald Wilson _REAGAN_
    
    Answer:  _B_enjamin _HARRISON_
    
    Answer:  _R_ajiv Ratna _GANDHI_
    
    Answer:  _R_ichard _STRAUSS_
    
    The family name is not always the last name. Check a biographical dictionary to see what the family name is. Examples:
    Answer:  Ralph _VAUGHAN WILLIAMS_
    
    Answer:  _DENG_ Xiaoping
    
    Answer:  Augusto _PINOCHET_ Ugarte
    
    The last example is typical of Spanish names, in that the name that appears last is the mother's family name.

    In some cultures, family names are not used. In such cases, the primary given name should be required:

    Answer:  _VIGDIS_ Finnbogadottir
    
    Answer:  _MEGAWATI_ Sukarnoputri
    
    In other cultures, women take a feminine version of the family name. In such cases, both versions should be accepted, as well as the maiden name if appropriate:
    Answer:  _R_aisa Maximovna _GORBACHEVA_ or _GORBACHEV_ or _TITORENKO_
    
  • Accept commonly used pseudonyms as well as real names.
    Examples:
    Answer:  _KRUSTY_ the Clown, or Hershel _KRUSTOFSKY_
    
    Answer:  Francois-Marie _AROUET_, or _VOLTAIRE_
    
    Answer:  Nikolai _LENIN_, or Vladimir Ilyich _ULYANOV_
    
  • Write the full name, and say what initials stand for!
    This is important because if some show-off gives the full name for, say, P.G. Wodehouse, they will get points if and only if all parts of the name they give are correct, even if it's more than required. Examples:
    Answer:  Sir Pelham Grenville _WODEHOUSE_
    
    Answer:  _T_homas Stearns _ELIOT_
    
    Answer:  George Herbert Walker _BUSH_
    
    Answer:  Jerome David _SALINGER_
    
    For the last example, an answer of "Jerome Salinger" would be counted as correct, but "James David Salinger" would be counted as wrong.
  • Include translations of names where appropriate.
    The most obvious examples of translated names are the descriptive names used in some American cultures:
    Answer:  _TA-SUNKO-WITKO_, or _CRAZY HORSE_
    
    Answer:  _MAHPIUA LUTA_, or _RED CLOUD_
    
    The original name must also be supplied together with the common English translation of it.

    More problematic is the fact that the Christian names of some well-known Europeans have different forms. In such cases, accept all commonly used forms:

    Answer:  _JAKOB_ (or _JACQUES_) _BERNOULLI_
    
    Answer:  John (or Jean) _CALVIN_ or _CAUVIN_
    
    Answer:  Franz (or Ferenc) _LISZT_, or _LISZT_ Ferenc
    
    For the last example, note that in Hungarian, the family name comes first.
  • Include titles of royalty and nobility.
    Also include original names. Examples:
    Answer:  King _KARL XIV_ Johan of Sweden, or _CHARLES XIV_ John, or
             Jean-Baptiste _BERNADOTTE_, or Prince de _PONTE-CORVO_
    
    Answer:  George _GORDON_, or Lord 6th Baron _BYRON_
    
    Answer:  William _THOMSON_, or Lord Baron _KELVIN_ of Largs
    
    Answer:  Pope _JOHN PAUL II_, or Karol _WOJTYLA_
    
    Answer:  the 14th _DALAI LAMA_ or _RGYAL-BA RIN-PO-CHE_,
             or Tensin _TSERING_, or Tenzin _GYATSO_
    
  • This isn't as complicated as it looks.
    Just remember that if the answer is a person's name, you should include the full name and all alternative names. These can usually be found easily in a biographical dictionary.

3. Foreign-language answers

If the question asks for the title of a literary or artistic work, and the original title is not in English, then *both* the original title and English translations must be accepted. Whatever you do, don't penalize players for knowing the original title! Examples:
Answer:  _CASSE-NOISETTE_, or the _NUTCRACKER_ ballet or suite

Answer:  _VOINA I MIR_, or _WAR AND PEACE_

Answer:  _HEPTA EPI THEBAS_, or _SEVEN AGAINST THEBES_

Answer:  _DIE ZAUBERFLOETE_, or the _MAGIC FLUTE_
To find the original title, consult a literary encyclopedia such as Benet's, or try a library catalogue, many of which are on-line.

Translations of the title into languages other than English should not be accepted. So, for example, La guerre et la paix, the French translation of Voina i mir, would not be accepted unless the question were actually asking about a French translation.

Non-"standard" translations of original titles should also be accepted, especially if they are better than the standard ones. For example, the title of Dostoyevsky's Bratya Karamazovy is usually translated as The Brothers Karamazov, even though this is not correct idiomatic English. Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu is usually translated as Remembrance of Things Past, even though this is a mistranslation of the title. Include a literal translation when possible, together with translations that have appeared in print. Examples:

Answer:  _A LA RECHERCHE DU TEMPS PERDU_, or _REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST_,
         or _IN SEARCH OF LOST TIME_ [literal]

Answer:  _BRATYA KARAMAZOVY_,  or the _BROTHERS KARAMAZOV_
Additional comment isn't needed in the last example, because the moderator should be aware that "The Karamazov Brothers" means exactly the same thing. Similarly, in the following example:
Answer:  die _ENTFUHRUNG AUS DEM SERAIL_, or the _ABDUCTION FROM THE SERAGLIO_
an answer of "Kidnapping from the harem" would also be accepted, even if it does sound somewhat less refined.

4. Scientific names

For living organisms, include scientific names as well as common names. Examples:
Answer:  _BEAVER_, or _CASTOR FIBER_

Answer:  _TEA_, or _CAMELLIA SINENSIS_
Include alternative names for chemicals. Chemical formulas should also be accepted as answers unless not specific enough (such as C6H12O6 applying to both glucose or fructose). Examples:
Answer:  _ACETONE_ or _2-PROPANONE_ or _DIMETHYL KETONE_ or _(CH)3(COCH)3_

Answer:  _HYDROCHLORIC ACID_ or _MURIATIC ACID_ or _HCl_ ["H-C-L"]

Substantial Information

Questions must be based on real, verifiable, factual information.

1. Be specific!

You must make clear what kind of answer you're looking for. Some examples of bad questions:
For 10 points each, name the two men who backed the Gallipoli campaign
during the First World War.
Backed in what way? There were hundreds, if not thousands of men who were directly involved in the Gallipoli campaign, and there were other men in politics, finance, the press, etc., who supported it.
What is the highest power in Hinduism?
What kind of power? In what way "highest"? Even if we are told that the answer is "Brahman", we haven't learned anything about Hinduism at all.
BONUS
Answer  the  following  about  the  AngloSaxon  epic  Beowulf 10 points a
piece:
Where  does  Beowulf  travel  to?
There are several possible answers: Denmark, Zealand, Heorot Hall, or back home to Sweden. The question should ask "which kingdom", "which island", or "which hall", and somehow specify that it refers to the beginning of the story.

You get the idea. :)

2. Include names, dates and places.

If you didn't have to look anything up to write the question, it's almost certainly a bad question. An example with answer Prague:
TOSSUP
The oldest German speaking university is, surprisingly, not in any German
city, but rather in the capital of Bohemia.  FTP, name this city on the Moldau.
This question is based on an interesting fact. However, far more information is begging to be added. What's the name of this university? When was it founded? Any question writer who is a college student should know how to find this information. In fact the question is actually misleading as a tossup, because a good player may buzz in early with the name of the university (Charles University). The question is also not strictly correct as written, because Charles U. no longer operates in German, so although it *was* the *first* German-speaking university, it *is* NOT the *oldest* German-speaking university. Here's an improved version, written after a little on-line research:
TOSSUP
Seventeen years before Vienna, and 38 years before Heidelberg, this city in
1348 saw the opening of Europe's first German-speaking university, which was
founded by, and named after, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.  However, Charles
University closed its German-speaking division in 1945.  FTP name this
capital of a country from which 3 million German-speaking citizens were
expelled after World War Two.

Here's a question about John B. Watson, which was (perhaps unsurprisingly) the last tossup written in a packet:

TOSSUP
he maintained the view that behavior should be the sole subject matter of
psychology in the early 1900's.  FTP, name this American psychologist.
This question contains no concrete facts at all. We also strongly suspect that Watson was NOT the only American psychologist who maintained the behaviorist view in the early 1900s.

3. Avoid subjective questions.

Questions such as "What is romanticism?" or "Who was the greatest Belgian playwright?" or "Who is the sexiest man alive?" may be interesting, but they do not belong in this game, because there is no one answer that is unequivocally, factually correct. Questions that ask players to list the causes of a particular war are similarly inappropriate.

If you ask for a particular historian's list of causes of something, that is closer to the realm of the acceptable, but these questions can be hard to score. For example, Edward Gibbon gave a famous list of five reasons for the rise of Christianity, but for some of these (e.g., "the inflexible and intolerant zeal of the early Christians -- inherited from Judaism"), it can be hard for the moderator to judge whether the players have given an answer that is "close enough". In any case, it's better to have history questions that ask about things that happened, instead of an historian's comments about what happened.

Finally, avoid questions about what "is thought", or "is considered", even if it's "by many". Example about Algeria:

TOSSUP
In  France, a  spate  of  new  terrorist  attacks  are  thought  
to  be  the  backlash  of  fundamentalists  in  FTP what country  where 
 the  current  government  is  supported  by  France?
I'm sure there are several countries, with governments supported by France, which are thought by at least one person to be the source of fundamentalists making terrorist attacks. Also note the complete lack of specific names, dates, and places in this question.

4. Be careful when asking to generalize from examples.

You must make clear what kind of generalization you're looking for. A bad example:
TOSSUP
What do Ravel's D major Piano Concerto, Prokofiev's fourth piano 
concerto, and Brahms' transcription of the Bach Chaconne have in common?

_THEY'RE ALL WRITTEN FOR LEFT HAND_ (accpet equivalents, prompt on "one 
hand")
Jason Sugg's response: "They haven't been played in my kitchen." This answer is perfectly correct, and since it's correct, it deserves 10 points. There are lots of other possible correct answers, such as, they were all written by dead white European males, or Beethoven never heard any of them.
         BONUS
         Mexico City.  Munich.  Montreal.  Moscow.  For 5pts. apiece, 
         name the next five cities in proper order in this chronological 
         list. 

         _L_os _A_ngeles, _SEOUL_, _BARCELONA_, _ATLANTA_, _SYDNEY_
         (Summer Olympics Hosts, 1968-2000)
The four cities given in the list all hosted the Bulgarian team in the summer Olympics; the next city to do so was not Los Angeles but Seoul.
BONUS
     Give the correct term to describe each of these statements, ten points
apiece:
     a)  John is a student.  All students study.  John studies.
       (SYLLOGSIM)
     b)  I fell down and hurt my knee yesterday.  Therefore I will never eat
fish again.
       (NON SEQUITUR)
     c)  Whenever Bill leaves his room, he locks his door.  Bill's door is
not locked.  Therefore Bill is in his room.
       (CONTRAPOSITIVE)
All of these "statements" are written in prose. The first one consists of three simple declarative sentences. And so on.

It is reasonable to ask for the collective name of a group, but be precise. For example, in a question about the Fates, instead of asking:

What are Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos?
which would have "characters from Hesiod" as a correct answer, you should ask:
Give the collective name for Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos.

5. Avoid mindless, knee-jerk questions.

Not only are these questions boring, but somebody else's knee may jerk in a different direction.
BONUS
Name the partner or name associated with the first.  5 points each.

        1.  Don Quixote
                        _Sancho Panza_
        2.  Bose
                        _Einstein_
        3.  Fat Man
                        _Little Boy_
        4.  Sacco
                        _Vanzetti_
        5.  Rosenkranz
                        _Guildenstern_
        6.  Currier
                        _Ives_
It would be OK to have a question about literary sidekicks (as in part 1) or business partners (as in part 6), but "the name associated with the first" just doesn't work. The names are also not even given properly; for example, Einstein's first name was Albert. What was Ives's first name? And I seem to remember a TV show called "Jake and the Fat Man", about two policemen; so why is Jake a "wrong" answer?

Remember: the purpose of this game is to broaden minds, not to narrow them.

6. When in doubt, write questions with answers you've heard of.

Avoid "obscurity in, obscurity out".
BONUS
    Given the phylum, describe whether a member of the phylum would be an
acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or coelomate for five points apiece.
(example. Porifera=Acoelomate).
          Chordata  (Coelomate)
          Rotifera  (Pseudocoelomate)
          Coelenterata or Cnidaria  (Acoelomate)
          Platyhelmintes   (Acoelomates)
          Arthropoda (Coelomate)
What are acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates? Do we really want to know? (Also notice that while we allowed questions of this form two years ago, this is an illegal bonus question for BB4 because it requires 5 separate conferrals, and has a choice of only three given answers in each part.)

Tossups

1. What and why

A tossup question is read until a player buzzes in and is recognized. If the answer is correct, then that player's team earns 10 points and is asked a bonus question. If the player's answer to the tossup is wrong, then the team loses 5 points and the moderator continues reading the tossup to the members of the other team only.

Tossups are intended to be interrupted at some point. The clues in a tossup should progress from hard to easier, and must not trick players into giving a wrong answer.

2. Anatomy of a good Tossup

Consider these examples.
TOSSUP
The name of this language means "of the coast" in Arabic.  Today it is the
mother tongue of about six million people, most of them living near the
Indian Ocean, but it is also spoken by about forty million others as a common
language in east Africa.  For ten points, identify this Bantu language with the
largest number of speakers, that is an official language of Kenya and Tanzania.
 
Answer:  _SWAHILI_ (or _KISWAHILI_)
This is a straightforward, factually dense question. It has many substantial clues:
  1. the meaning of the name;
  2. the number of native speakers;
  3. what coast they live near;
  4. the number of other speakers and where they live;
  5. the language family;
  6. the countries where it is an official language.
The following example is modified from Gerard Magliocca:
TOSSUP
This author's wife, Elaine, was upset when she saw his classic 1939
novel in a Japanese bookstore translated as "Angry Raisins".
For 10 points, name this American author who described Rose, Sharon, Ma,
and Tom as the Joad family travels during the Great Depression from
Oklahoma to California in _The Grapes of Wrath_.

Answer:  John _STEINBECK_
This question has an interesting lead-in that will appeal to both players and spectators alike, making the question entertaining and memorable. It also has many substantial clues:
  1. the name of the author's wife;
  2. the date of the novel;
  3. the translation;
  4. the nationality of the author;
  5. four of the characters in the novel and the main family name;
  6. the time setting of the novel;
  7. part of the plot of the novel;
  8. the title of the work.
Someone who has read the novel a dozen times may be beaten by someone who is able to figure out the answer based on the mistranslation "Angry Raisins". This question, unlike the previous example, is more like a puzzle in the beginning, rewarding more than "pure" knowledge (but not punishing it). Many of the best questions have this quality.

3. Length

We would prefer that almost all of your tossups contain at least four separate concrete clues.

Tossups should not be too long, either. No tossup may have a text that exceeds six (6) lines. We'll make an exception if:

  • the only reason for going beyond 6 lines is that you include so many helpful pronunciation guides; or
  • you're writing verse that doesn't take up the whole width of the page.
Remember, each line of text may not have more than 79 characters on it.

4. Difficulty.

Tossup questions should be set at about a level of difficulty so that if read in their entirety to two good teams, you would expect about 90% of them to be answered by at least one of the eight players.

Two good teams should interrupt at least 80% of tossups.

5. How to order the clues.

Order clues from most obscure to least obscure. Two bad examples with the answer of Otto von Bismarck follow:
TOSSUP
Known as the Iron Chancellor, he received a famous telegram on September
17, 1862, from War Minister von Roon recalling him to Berlin to take control
of the government.  For 10 points, name this statesman, who ruled Prussia
from 1862 to 1890.
In a real match, this question would likely be over in 5 words. It could be rewritten as:
TOSSUP
He received a famous telegram on September 17, 1862, from War Minister von
Roon recalling him to Berlin to take control of the government.  For 10
points, name this politician who ruled Prussia from 1862 to 1890, earning
the nickname, "the Iron Chancellor".
Another example of a poorly written question:
TOSSUP
The capital of North Dakota and the 19th-century Duke of Lauenberg who
epitomized the Junker ["YOONG-ker"] class share, for 10 points, what name?
This could be rewritten as:
TOSSUP
The 19th-century Duke of Lauenberg who epitomized the Junker class and
the capital of North Dakota share, for 10 points, what name?

6. No misleading questions.

Avoid misleading questions which penalize knowledge and speed. These questions are supremely evil in competition and are to be avoided. Since each tossup potentially means a swing in the game score of 85 points, it is crucial that tossups be written clearly and fairly. Neither of the following is an acceptable question.
TOSSUP
A German chancellor, a U.S. state capital, an archipelago northeast of New
Guinea, the sea enclosed by that archipelago, and the largest city in
Equatorial Guinea.  For 10 points, which is not named Bismarck?

TOSSUP
He served as German chancellor from 1871 to 1890 and was known for his
policy of "blood and iron".  For 10 points, spell his last name.

7. Watch Pronouns and Antecedents.

Pronouns almost always must refer to the answer. Use pronouns carefully so as not to mislead the players. Poor antecedent usage is most often the culprit in poorly-written questions. This example is poorly constructed.
TOSSUP
Vowing that he would never go to Canossa, the chancellor of Germany
announced a cultural struggle against Roman Catholicism in the 1870s.
For 10 points, what 3-syllable German noun named this anti-Catholic
campaign?

Answer:  _KULTURKAMPF_  ["cool-TOUR-kamf"]
This question tricks a player into answering Bismarck early. It could be rewritten as:
TOSSUP
German Chancellor Bismarck, vowing never to go to Canossa, announced a
cultural struggle against Roman Catholicism in the 1870s known, for ten
points, by what three-syllable German noun?

8. Minimize Ambiguous Introductions.

Some questions have several possible answers after a few words have been read.
TOSSUP
Facing legal difficulties because of alleged financial chicanery, he
resigned as Vice President of the United States...

Agnew is not the only answer. Calhoun had similar difficulties in his time, though they may be less well remembered today. Some players will interrupt the question at this point. Players who are waiting to differentiate between Agnew and Calhoun will be at a disadvantage to other players who are thinking of only Agnew. Or, a player who is aware of Calhoun may bet the odds and incorrectly answer Agnew. Either way, this question might trap a better player, penalizing knowledge.

One might choose to add additional information at the start of the question to minimize this ambiguity and precisely target the desired answer as soon as possible, as in:

TOSSUP
This former governor, facing legal difficulties because of alleged
financial chicanery...

There is nothing wrong with questions in which the answer is not the immediately obvious one. Further, there is nothing wrong with more general introductions (This U.S. President...). However, you should strive to minimize question ambiguity as much as possible, especially when the introduction narrows the possible answers to just a few probable answers (This Norwegian playwright...).

Avoid beginning tossups with vague clues. Here is a bad way to begin a tossup about Henrik Ibsen:

TOSSUP
This playwright brought the problems and ideas of his day onto the stage,
and created realistic dramas of psychological conflict...
A player with an encyclopedic knowledge of theatre would be able to think of several possible answers, and would be at a disadvantage compared with someone who had only superficial knowledge of a few big names like Ibsen. This problem could be fixed easily by adding something concrete like a name, date or place:
TOSSUP
In his plays, such as _John Gabriel Borkman_ and _An Enemy of the People_,
this dramatist ...
Obviously, if you give some titles of Ibsen's works as initial clues, they should be relatively obscure. A well-known title such as A Doll's House should not be given as the first clue, but it would be all right as a final clue in the tossup.

9. Tossups with Multiple Answers

A tossup may require two closely related pieces of information to be given as answers, but preferably no more than two. If a toss-up does require n answers where n is greater than 1, then it must begin with the phrase "n answers required".

Multiple answers should be of the same type: for example, two people, or two species of animals, or two countries. Avoid toss-ups that require two non-parallel pieces of information to be given, such as a created work and its creator, or a country and its current ruler.

10. Multiple-Choice Tossups

There should not be tossups that give a list of numbers and ask for which item on the list satisfies some criterion. Example:
TOSSUP
One hundred years ago, William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan
in the presidential election by 570,000 votes.  For 10 points, was the
total number of votes cast in this election closest to 4 million,
14 million, or 40 million?

Answer:  _14 MILLION_
A question like this, which has a numerical answer, should instead ask players to give the number within a certain accuracy. The range will depend on the question. Example:
TOSSUP
One hundred years ago, William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan
in the presidential election by 570,000 votes.  For 10 points, within
50 per cent, what was the total number of votes cast?

Answer:  13,503,584   (accept 6,751,792 to 20,255,376.)

11. Spelling Tossups

There should be no more than one spelling tossup per packet. Only spelling tossups of exceptional merit will be used. If you write one, phrase the question as directly as possible to avoid tricking players into mis-answering the question. Example:
The word "cave", spelled C-A-V-E, was one of the words that was asked in a
caveman spelling bee in a Far Side cartoon.  The next contestant figured that
he would probably get a word like Australopithecus ["oss-trah-loh-PITH-ic-us"].
FTP spell Australopithecus.

Answer:  A-U-S-T-R-A-L-O-P-I-T-H-E-C-U-S
Always include a pronunciation guide for the word to be spelled, and separate letters in the answer by dashes to assist moderators in judging responses.

12. For Ten Points, the Final Clue.

EVERY TOSSUP QUESTION MUST CONTAIN THE PHRASE "FOR TEN POINTS", immediately before the last clue. If the question is short, substitute "for a quick ten points". You may use the abbreviations "FTP" and "FAQTP" in writing your packets.

Bonuses

1. What and Why

In NAQT, a Bonus question is read to a team if a player on that team has just answered a Tossup correctly. Teams may (and are encouraged to) confer on answering a bonus question, which has either several parts or several answers (and usually both).

Every Bonus question is worth between 20 and 30 points. Scoring is such that the number of points a team may earn on any particular Bonus will be some multiple of 5 points (hence 0 to 30 points).

Bonus questions are supposed to test deeper knowledge than tossups. Since they will be read in their entirety, it is not necessary to put more obscure facts before more obvious facts -- unless these facts are given in separate parts of a multi-part question. If a bonus has multiple parts, there should be some sort of theme connecting the parts.

2. Length

No Bonus may allow for more than four (4) separate team conferrals. Thus we are not permitting Bonuses with 5 or 6 parts. If you want to ask a Bonus like, "for 5 points apiece, name the Greek counterpart of each of these Roman deities", for example, you may want to pair them up so that only three separate team conferrals are needed, and two answers must be given in each (e.g., "Mercury and Venus", "Ceres and Diana", "Jupiter and Juno"). This may seem a bit weird, but it cuts down on the amount of time required to play the question.

No part of a bonus may have a text that exceeds six (6) lines. We'll make an exception if:

  • the only reason for going beyond 6 lines is that you include so many helpful pronunciation guides;
  • you're writing verse that doesn't take up the whole width of the page; or
  • the question includes a cool ASCII graphic.

3. Difficulty.

A good team should get 50-70% of possible bonus points in your packet.

4. No single-answer, single-part Bonuses.

Unlike some other tournaments, Beaver Bonspiel will not use questions that give 30 points, all or nothing. Ask several questions with point values adding up to 30, or use a progressive format as described below.

5. Format: Multiple parts related by a common theme.

The parts of the question should be of varying difficulty so that a team with an "average" knowledge of the subject should get some points but not a perfect score. There should be no more than four (4) parts as each part can take 10-15 seconds of game time to read and answer. Examples:
BONUS
Just as the U.S. has states like Alaska and Hawaii that are not contiguous
with the rest of the country, France has a number of overseas departments
scattered around the world.  Identify these departments for 10 points each.

1.  The most populous of the overseas departments, this island in the
    Indian Ocean has been part of France since 1642.

ANSWER:  La _REUNION_

2.  Divided into the twin islands of Grande-Terre and Basse-Terre, this
    Caribbean department is home to the dangerous volcano Soufriere.

ANSWER:  _GUADELOUPE_

3.  Located 10 miles off the Newfoundland coast and occupied by the French
    since 1604, this department is the last remnant of the French North
    American colonial empire.

ANSWER:  _SAINT-PIERRE_ and _MIQUELON_
After the players answer each part, the moderator will confirm whether their answer is right or wrong. If the team's answer is wrong, the moderator will announce the correct answer. If you do NOT want the moderator to confirm or announce correct answers to parts of a Bonus question you've written, but would prefer that all the answers be given at the end, then you must indicate this by writing a note by that question.

6. Format: One question, multiple answers.

You ask for a list of things, and give points for each correct answer. Be sure to specify clearly the number of items for which you are looking, especially if a complete list is not required. Asking teams to generate long lists with many possible answers ("Name any six OPEC nations", or "Name 8 European Union members for 15 points, 9 for 20 points...," for example) tends to be difficult to moderate and should be avoided. Use a precise and manageable list. Example:
BONUS
For 5 points each, name the six wives of King Henry the Eighth of England.

Answers:  _CATHERINE_ of _ARAGON_
          Anne _BOLEYN_
          Jane _SEYMOUR_
          _ANNE_ of _CLEVES_
          Catherine _HOWARD_
          Catherine _PARR_
Putting each answer on a separate line helps the moderator in checking off correct answers given by a team.

In some cases, an incorrect answer ends the bonus. In this case, which should not be overused, include the phrase "but be careful, a miss will stop you" in the question.

7. Format: Progressive bonus questions.

These questions are asked in multiple parts. Each part is an additional clue to the same answer. The general category is always given in the original question, which should begin "30-20-10", for the same of word economy, if the parts are valued 30, 20 and 10 points. Example:
BONUS
30-20-10, name the newspaper.

For 30 points:  Karl Marx worked for it as its European correspondent from
1851 to 1862.

For 20 points:  It was founded in 1841 by Horace Greeley, who edited it
until his death.

For 10 points:  In 1924 it merged with the New York Herald.

Answer:  _NEW YORK TRIBUNE_
THE FIRST CLUE IN A PROGRESSIVE QUESTION *MUST* SPECIFY THE FINAL ANSWER UNIQUELY. A 30-20-10 bonus that begins with the following is not acceptable.
For 30 points:  He was born in Cincinnati in 1938.
There were hundreds of males born in Cincinnati in 1938, and the name of any one of them would have to be accepted as a correct answer.

Besides 30-20-10, a bonus may have two separate progressive parts worth 15-5 each, or 20-10 followed by a 10-point question, or other values depending on difficulty level. Just make sure all point values are multiples of 5, the maximum possible score on any bonus question is 30, and no more than four conferrals will be required.

8. Multiple Choice, matching, ordering.

If you write a Bonus with some multiple-choice parts (the answer to be chosen from some explicitly stated list), there must be at least four (4) choices in the list. Yes/No, binary and ternary questions will not be used. Even multiple-choice questions with 4 or more parts must have exceptional merit to be used.

We are NOT using bonus questions that give the players a list and ask them to put that list in a particular order. ("Rank these six nations in decreasing order of sorghum production...") By repeating the same answer six times, a team would be able to get a guaranteed 5 points.

We are also not using questions that give the players two lists and ask them to match items in the first list with items in the second list. These questions take too long and also reward lucky guessing.


Subject Distribution

Subject breakdown should be as follows:

Topic                                 Tossups    Bonuses
Science, Math, Technology              3 - 4      3 - 4
Literature                             3 - 4      3 - 4
History                                3 - 4      3 - 4
Current Events                         3 - 4      3 - 4
Popular Culture                        2 - 3      2 - 3
Geography                              1 - 2      1 - 2
Fine Arts                              1 - 2      1 - 2
Philosophy, Religion, Mythology        1 - 2      1 - 2
Social Sciences                        1 - 2      1 - 2
Sports                                 1 - 2      1 - 2
General Knowledge                      0 - 3      0 - 3
---------------------------------------------------------
Total:                                  25         25

The next section contains a more detailed description of what we mean by each of the major categories.

We do not mean to discourage hybrid questions, which can fall under more than one major category. Place hybrid questions under whatever category you think predominates in them. If no single category predominates, then pick one of them. We're not going to complain unless your question is obviously miscategorized (for example, if an astrology question is listed under "science" -- as it is in some other games we've played).


Topic Areas and Reference Sources

General reference sources on the World Wide Web include:

After we collected all the links for this section, we found out that Dwight Kidder (a player for Cornell at previous Beaver Bonspiels) had put together his own, much more extensive list of useful links. Check it out!

Biographical sources:

1. Science, Math, Technology.

This category includes, but is not limited to:
  • health and medicine
  • biology
  • chemistry
  • astronomy
  • physics
  • earth science
  • mathematics and logic
  • computers (unless it has a cultural angle)
  • all branches of engineering
  • history of science
  • recent developments in science and technology

Of your 6-8 questions (tossups and bonuses), at least four (4) should have answers that are NOT names of people.

Avoid questions that ask what letter is used to represent a physical quantity, or vice versa.

WWW sources:

2. Literature.

This category includes, but is not limited to:
  • novels
  • poetry
  • plays
  • short stories
  • criticism
  • literary essays
  • general nonfiction not classifiable elsewhere

Of your 6-8 questions (tossups and bonuses), at least four (4) should have answers that are NOT names of real people. Do not write more than two (2) questions with all clues being titles of literary works.

Works by the same author should not appear in more than one question.

WWW sources:

  • The On-line Books Page at CMU has an awesome, searchable collection of links to thousands of books that you can read on-line! Since all of these works are, necessarily, in the public domain, you won't find much from the 20th century, but almost every "great work" from previous centuries can be found here.
  • Bartlett's Familiar Quotations: the complete 1901 edition.
  • Hollis, the Harvard OnLine Library Information System, is a good place to check for correct titles, translations of titles, and authors. (Warning: this is a telnet link.)
  • Dwight's literature links

3. History.

Your 6-8 questions (tossups and bonuses) in this category should cover both:
  • 20th-century history
  • pre-20th-century history

In addition, you should include questions about:

  • U.S. history
  • European history
  • world history outside U.S.A. and Europe

Don't write more than one question about the same war.

At most one question (a tossup or a bonus) should have every answer being a year.

WWW sources:

4. Current Events.

You should include questions about both:
  • U.S. current events
  • non-U.S. current events

Questions about recent happenings in literature, science, technology, popular culture, or whatever should be placed under those categories.

The following news sources all let you search for previous articles. They also do not require any subscription:

There are extensive collections of other news sites at the Good Free News page and the Electronic Newsstand, and of course, Dwight's news and current events links.

For U.S. politics, try:

  • CNN/TIME AllPolitics for the latest newsworthy news;
  • Thomas, the U.S. government site with *everything* you might ever conceivably want to know about what is being said and done (mostly said) in the current session of Congress;
  • Almanac of American Politics for comprehensive background information on elected representatives and their districts.

5. Popular culture.

This includes most of the subjects that are covered at the "Trash" quiz tournaments, such as:
  • television
  • movies
  • popular music and musicals
  • jazz
  • comic strips and books
  • toys and games
  • celebrities
  • advertisements
  • junk food

WWW sources:

6. Geography.

This category includes:
  • physical geography
  • political geography
  • economic geography
  • social geography
  • cartography

Mostly, specific geographical features will be asked about.

7. Fine Arts.

Include a balanced selection of questions about:
  • classical music and opera
  • dance
  • theater
  • painting and visual arts
  • sculpture
  • architecture
  • Kentucky basketball
  • The Simpsons

For the last three subcategories, we encourage question writers to send us Web URL's with pictures of famous works of art, so that we can make copies of them and hand them out to players for bonus questions. You can find some of these at the WWW sources listed below.

WWW sources:

8. Philosophy, Religion, Mythology.

This includes:
  • the Bible
  • world religions
  • Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology
  • all branches of philosophy
  • astrology and occult
  • folklore

WWW sources:

  • Encyclopedia Mythica is a very impressive hypertext reference on various world mythologies, including folklore and occult.
  • The On-line Books page has the full text of hundreds of classics of philosophy and religion.
  • King James Bible at Michigan allows browsing and various kinds of searching.

9. Social Sciences.

This category includes, but is not limited to:
  • psychology
  • political science and ideologies
  • law and legal theory (specific laws and court cases belong under History or Current Events or General Knowledge)
  • sociology and anthropology
  • economics
  • linguistics, including specific languages

When asking questions about terminology in these fields, make sure that it's a standard term and not used only by your textbook or professor.

WWW sources:

10. Sports.

This category includes:
  • team sports
  • individual sports
  • the Olympic games
  • particular athletes

Write no more than one question about any one sport.

WWW sources:

11. General Knowledge.

This category sweeps up the questions which are not subsumed in any other, such as:
  • word origins
  • spelling (but no more than one spelling Tossup)
  • calculation
  • national and regional symbols (best if you include something about their history and meaning, not just identification)
  • interesting trivia from almanacs
  • food and cooking
  • business and industry (unless it's more about Technology or History or Current Events, etc.)
  • government organization
  • specific laws, constitutions and regulations

Getting questions to us

1. Deadlines

Question packets must be sent to us by Saturday, October 11.

2. Question security

If your school is sending multiple teams, some teams may be playing on packets written by other teams from your school. Therefore it is important that each team's packet be written blind of the other teams.

Also, since many of our players go to many tournaments, the questions should not have been previously used by, or sent to, any other tournament.

3. E-mail

Send packets through electronic mail to hyalaman@mit.edu.
  • Use plain text format, not RTF or WP or Word or other word processor formats.
  • Please don't exceed 79 characters per line.
  • Your message must include the name of your team and the e-mail address of a contact person or persons for the team. Since we may have to discuss your questions through e-mail, the contact address should not be a mailing list containing members of other teams.
  • Include "TOSSUP n" or "BONUS n" on a separate line before each question, and put two or three blank lines between the answer of one question and the start of the next question.
  • Write each answer on a new line, after the word "Answer:". The minimum information required should be both capitalized and surrounded by underscores: e.g., _SPAM_, George A. _HORMEL_ and Company.
  • Write footnotes, if any, immediately after the questions and answers to which they refer.

    Here is a sample packet of tossups.

    Team:  Cow Creek College A
    Written by:  Joe Schmo, Jane Doe, James Zebedeeson, John Zebedeeson
    Contact:  Joe Schmo, schmo@cowcreek.edu
              or Jane Doe, janedoe@cowcreek.edu
    
     
    TOSSUP 1
    The world's largest manufacturer of these devices is Ballard Power Systems of
    North Vancouver, B.C., which supplied a stack of them for Daimler-Benz's
    recently unveiled NECAR, or New Electric Car.  FTP what is this type of energy
    converter, previously seldom used except in spacecraft, that generates
    electricity from oxygen and hydrogen?
     
    Answer:  hydrogen-oxygen _FUEL CELL_  (or hydrogen _FUEL CELL_)
    
    
    TOSSUP 2
    Containers of hazardous liquids are often packed in boxes filled with this
    spongy, absorbent, mineral.  An alteration of mica, it is a layered
    aluminosilicate occurring in tiny leafy scales.  Gardeners also use it to hold
    moisture in flower beds.  For 10 points, identify this mineral with a name
    derived from the Latin for worm.
     
    Answer:  _VERMICULITE_
    
    
    TOSSUP 3
    This element was discovered in 1811 by French chemist Bernard
    Courtois ["koor-TWA"] in the liquor obtained by leaching the ashes of
    burnt kelp.  FTP name this element with atomic number 53, that is essential
    to human nutrition.
    
    Answer:  _IODINE_
    
    
    TOSSUP 4
    This phrase was translated into Hungarian to mean "A is forbidden" and into
    German to mean "Entrance V".  It became "Transitus VE" in the only book in
    Latin ever to make the New York Times bestsellers list.  Supposedly it is
    the short form of the name of an ancestor of a certain Very Small Animal.
    For 10 points give this phrase that appears in an A.A. Milne work, on a sign
    outside Piglet's house.
    
    Answer:  _TRESPASSERS W_
    
    [Hungarian: "Tilos az A".  German: "Betreten V".]
    

    For your packet of bonus questions, number the parts in multi-part questions. For progressive questions, follow the format in Bonus 3. Sample:

    Team:  Cow Creek College A
    Written by:  Joe Schmo, Jane Doe, James Zebedeeson, John Zebedeeson
    Contact:  Joe Schmo, schmo@cowcreek.edu
              or Jane Doe, janedoe@cowcreek.edu
    
    
    BONUS 1
    Answer these questions about explorations of the wreck of the Titanic
    FTP each.
    
    1.  This researcher was at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution when
    he led the group that discovered the Titanic, and he led the first dives
    on the wreck.
    
    Answer:  Robert "Bob" _BALLARD_
    
    2.  The first manned dive on the Titanic was carried out by this submersible,
    operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and rated to a depth of
    4500 meters.
    
    Answer:  _ALVIN_
    
    3.  In the early 1990s, two former Soviet submersibles rated to 6000 meters
    dived on the wreck in a join Canadian-Russian filming effort.  FTP, what name
    is shared by these two Russian submersibles, the Russian word for peace?
    
    Answer:  _MIR_
    
    
    BONUS 2
    Oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in the earth's crust.
    For 5 points each, name the next five most abundant elements in the earth's
    crust, by percentage weight.  You'll get a 5-point bonus for putting them
    in the right order from most abundant to least.
    
    Answers:  _ALUMINUM_      (8.13%)
              _IRON_          (5.00%)
              _CALCIUM_       (3.63%)
              _SODIUM_        (2.83%)
              _MAGNESIUM_     (2.60%)
    
    
    BONUS 3
    30-20-10, name the scientist.
    For 30:  His paradox is succinctly stated as "Where are they?", with the
    "they" being intelligent extraterrestrials.  He noted that if "they" exist,
    they are probably far ahead of us technologically and hence we should have met
    them already.
    
    For 20:  He reputedly was able to compute an estimate of almost anything on the
    back of a standard business envelope.  At Alamagordo, he accurately estimated
    the magnitude of the first A-bomb blast from observing how the shock wave
    scattered small pieces of paper.
    
    For 10:  He oversaw the construction of the first atomic pile at the University
    of Chicago, and with Leo Szilard, co-held the patent for the nuclear reactor.
    A top prize of the U.S. Department of Energy is named after him.
    
    Answer:  Enrico _FERMI_
    
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This page was last midified on Oct. 8, 1997